Source: Medieval Identity Machines (University of Minnesota) 2003 A.D – pg. 277
This source confirms that during the medieval age, Jews being depicted as “swarthy“, “Ethiopian“, or “black-skinned” was used to signify race more than class which once again shows that Jews were literally seen as being black and spiritually seen as being black.
This source confirms that Jews and Saracens (Muslims) were often equated together racially and spiritually, as well.
